Morand Fachot

Life’s course can be decided by a string of unexpected events and encounters, some lucky, others unfortunate. This has certainly been the case for world-renowned US space scientist, and erstwhile [...]]]> Tweet

Boris Kit, world leading space scientist who turned 103 in April, is a former IEC expert

Morand Fachot

Life’s course can be decided by a string of unexpected events and encounters, some lucky, others unfortunate. This has certainly been the case for world-renowned US space scientist, and erstwhile IEC expert, Boris Kit, who turned 103 on 6 April 2013. Kit’s life has been shaped to a remarkable extent by the twists and turns of 20^th century history. In December 2012 e-tech met Kit in Frankfurt, Germany, where he lives. He shared some of the striking episodes of what he described, rather unassumingly, as “a great and interesting life”.

To find out more please navigate over to our e-tech article here.

Morand Fachot

ACOS (the Advisory Committee on Safety) organized a workshop on Safety aspects in the area of e-mobility, in Frankfurt, Germany, in February. The aim of the workshop, attended by IEC President Klaus Wucherer, was to cover safety [...]]]> Tweet

EC President stresses importance of safety aspects of e-mobility

Morand Fachot

ACOS (the Advisory Committee on Safety) organized a workshop on Safety aspects in the area of e-mobility, in Frankfurt, Germany, in February. The aim of the workshop, attended by IEC President Klaus Wucherer, was to cover safety relating to all kinds of EVs (electric vehicles) used to transport people and goods, aspects not necessarily always looked at when dealing with EV issues.

To find out more about it check out our e-tech article here.

Claire Marchand

The April issue of e-tech will focus on transportation and more specifically on EVs (electric vehicles), be they electric cars or electric urban transport vehicles.

Drivers tempted by EVs have more choice today as manufacturers introduce new types of vehicles from [...]]]> Tweet

Driving and flying made safe

Claire Marchand

The April issue of e-tech will focus on transportation and more specifically on EVs (electric vehicles), be they electric cars or electric urban transport vehicles.

Drivers tempted by EVs have more choice today as manufacturers introduce new types of vehicles from hybrids and plug-in hybrids to full electric cars. IEC Standards are proving instrumental to consumer adoption.

While electric vehicles often make the headlines these days, the fact that motor vehicles, even when powered by internal combustion engines, contain an ever growing number of electric and electronic parts is often overlooked. Through its standardization and conformity assessment work, the IEC ensures that electrical equipment and electronic components used in these vehicles are of the highest quality and reliability and help make cars safer and ever more energy-efficient.

Another type of EV is under scrutiny in this issue: electric urban transport vehicles. They are now a regular feature in city streets the world over and offer an environmentally-friendly option to reduce local emission of pollutants significantly in the expanding cities of the future.

Because the safety of air traffic depends to a great extent on avionics, i.e. all electronics systems installed on board an aircraft, the April edition will give you an insight into the IECQ ECMP (Electronic Component Management Plan) and HSPM (Hazardous Substance Process Management) Schemes for the aerospace industry.

Read our April e-tech here.

Adam Murdoch became the Chair of SC (Subcommittee) 61H: Safety of electrically-operated farm appliances on 1 March 2013. He was an IEC 2010 Young Professional. e-tech spoke to Murdoch about his vision for this subcommittee, his work in standardization [...]]]> Tweet

Profiling Adam Murdoch, Chairman of IEC SC 61H

Adam Murdoch became the Chair of SC (Subcommittee) 61H: Safety of electrically-operated farm appliances on 1 March 2013. He was an IEC 2010 Young Professional. e-tech spoke to Murdoch about his vision for this subcommittee, his work in standardization and what lies ahead.

IEC 2010 Young Professional takes the reins

e-tech: You could be seen as part of a younger generation of experts…how would you say this helps in your new role?

Murdoch: New ideas in a mature standardization organization are never a bad thing. This will challenge considered best practices and will provide opportunities to reform, refresh and optimize processes. I am excited as these opportunities do not come up too often. I was honoured to have been nominated for the position and am looking forward to the work ahead.

e-tech: What are your priorities for SC 61H?
Murdoch: As SC 61H is a relatively small committee I envisage I will be able to take the reins and settle in to the position quickly. I believe it will be an ideal learning platform to provide me with expertise and enable me in the future to possibly chair other larger committees. I want to continue to ensure that all committee work is completed accurately and efficiently and uphold the high standard that Albert Dreyer, the previous Chairman of SC 61H, delivered.

Background in safety standardization

e-tech: What, if any, could be seen as challenges?

Murdoch: SC 61H is currently a well-developed subcommittee; there are no challenges that stand out at this minute. For the time being I will concentrate on settling in to the position and ensure that it continues to perform. My style as Chairman may be a little different to that of Dreyer’s, so getting in and working in the position will be essential.

e-tech: How long have you been involved in international standardization?
Murdoch: I attended the first IEC Young Professionals programme workshop in Seattle in 2010. Since then I have attended the TC (Technical Committee) 61: Safety of household and similar electrical appliances meetings and meetings for SC (Subcommittee) 61C: Safety of refrigeration appliances for household and commercial use and SC61H as an Australian delegate.

e-tech: From whom have you gained inspiration?
Murdoch: I have gained inspiration from Derek Johns Chairman of TC61. He has been a great mentor and he has a wealth of experience with the standardization process.

Busy role with equipment safety

e-tech: Tell us a little about your ‘day job’?
Murdoch: I am currently the Manager of Equipment Safety at ESV (Energy Safe Victoria). ESV is the independent technical regulator responsible for electricity, gas and pipeline safety in Victoria, Australia. ESV’s role is broad and ranges from overseeing the design, construction and maintenance of electricity, gas and pipeline networks across the state, to ensuring appliances used in the home meet safety and efficiency standards.

Managing the equipment safety department requires attendance at Standards Australia’s electrotechnical committees for household appliances as an expert. I am active on the following Standards Australia committees:

• EL-041 Lamps and related equipment
• EL-002 Safety of household and similar electrical appliances, small power transformers and power supplies
• QR-012 Conformance marking to regulatory requirements
• TE-001 Safety of electronic equipment.

Regulation and incident investigation

In addition, being a member of the ERAC (Electrical Regulatory Authorities Council) Electrical working group enables me to liaise with other regulatory jurisdictions in Australia and New Zealand about current equipment safety concerns and trends.

On a day-to-day basis my department provides technical support and guidance within the areas of electrical safety and energy efficiency while ensuring compliance to relevant acts, regulations and standards. We also consult with suppliers and manufacturers to provide technical support and guidance to ensure relevant equipment safety standards are met; analyze test reports to determine compliance to relevant Australian and New Zealand standards; and certify household electrical appliances.

Our work also covers the investigation of electrical-related incidents, including house fires, electric shocks and electrocutions and also investigation of electrical appliances that are suspected of being non-compliant with relevant Australian and New Zealand electrical safety standards.

In addition, we provide technical support to internal and external departments including but not limited to installation safety, the Country Fire Authority, the Metropolitan Fire Brigade, and Work Safe Victoria, when equipment has been involved in a fire, electric shock or other incident.

Benefits of the IEC Young Professionals programme

e-tech: How has the IEC Young Professionals programme helped you?

Murdoch: The IEC Young Professionals programme provided me with a great overview of the IEC. As a young professional I gained expert knowledge and exposure to exactly how such a large organization operates. I now have a comprehensive understanding of the growing need for international standardization, and how this affects every aspect of trade and the wellbeing of end-users.

e-tech: What advice do you have for young engineers, technicians or managers who might be interested in becoming involved in the world and the work of the IEC?
Murdoch: The best way of getting experience is to get involved – when an opportunity arises put your hand up for the work. Don’t be afraid to ask for help from others.

There is an urgent need for the development of robust, low-carbon energy systems to address global issues of long-term energy security. Despite this unanimous target, Smart Grids are still failing to move beyond the [...]]]> Tweet

First global forum to drive Smart Grid decisions, analyzing past successes and failures

There is an urgent need for the development of robust, low-carbon energy systems to address global issues of long-term energy security. Despite this unanimous target, Smart Grids are still failing to move beyond the project stage.

Complexity of Smart Grids

Literally hundreds of mostly commercial and technical Smart Grid events are trying to get a handle on this complex issue. However, counter-intuitively the complexity and difficulty of Smart Grids doesn’t come from technology, which is mostly readily available, but rather involves the need for intricate human decision-making.

Under the thought leadership of IEC, SGCC and VDE

Three neutral, global partners with a strong interest and know-how in Smart Grids, but without commercial motivation, have now joined forces for the first World Smart Grid Forum (Berlin, 24-25 September 2013). The IEC, the world’s leading standards body in electrotechnology, theSGCC (State Grid Corporation of China) the world’s biggest power utility, and VDE, one of the largest technical and scientific associations in Europe, have combined their efforts to deliver a decision-making canvas that aims to allow Smart Grids to finally move into large scale implementation.

Smart Grids must progress from discussion to action if energy security is to be assured. For Smart Grids, sustainable communities, and Smart Cities to become a reality all key stakeholders need to be represented and there needs to be the impetus to move this forward as a reality.

Highest level key decision makers representing all stakeholders, from regulators/policy makers, energy producers, power utilities, to manufacturers, will join forces to analyze Smart Grid initiatives to crystalize factors for success or failure.

Global scope

The World Smart Grid Forum is co-chaired by Prof. Dr.-Ing. Klaus Wucherer, President of the IEC, Liu Zhenya, President of SGCC, and Dr.-Ing. Joachim Schneider, President of VDE. The three partner organizations have a truly global scope and are ideally placed to stimulate concrete Smart Grid development.

The Forum offers two parallel tracks that provide participants with a highly condensed knowledge base that can serve as the foundation for reality-based decision-making.

Track A will explore the interactions that are needed to support a low-carbon energy supply.

Track B will define what is needed to develop smart and sustainable communities and cities. Beyond technology and design: identify the gaps that need to be filled to bridge from vision to reality.

Interactive sessions will involve all conference participants to further refine hot topics, burning questions, reservations and expectations.

Further information:www.worldsmartgridforum2013.org

About SGCC

State Grid Corporation of China (SGCC) ranked the 7th on 2012 Fortune Global 500. The core businesses of SGCC are investment, construction and operation of power grids that cover 8.448 million square km of the national territory, providing power to a population of over 1.1 billion. SGCC also runs 15 Brazilian transmission companies, and holds shares of the National Grid Corporation of the Philippines and Portugal’s grid operator Redes Energéticas Nacionais (REN). It has established 10 representative offices in five continents.
www.sgcc.com.cn

About VDE

With 36,000 members, including 1 300 companies, 8 000 students and 6 000 young professionals, VDE, the Association for Electrical, Electronic & Information Technologies, is one of the largest technical and scientific associations in Europe. VDE embraces science, standardization work and product testing and certification under one roof. VDE is involved in technical knowledge transfers, research, and promoting young talents in the key technologies of electrical engineering, electronics and information technology and their applications. Other key VDE activities include ensuring safety in electrical engineering, developing recognized technical regulations as national and international standards, and testing and certifying electrical and electronic devices and systems. The VDE mark, known and respected by 63 percent of Germans, is considered to be a symbol for the highest safety standards. VDE works in the fields of information technology, energy, medical engineering, microelectronics, micro and nanotechnology and automation. More information about VDE is available at:
http://www.vde.com/en/

As winter comes to a close, your jacket may give you an electrostatic shock. You may get one from touching a metallic doorknob after crossing a carpeted room or from shaking someone’s hand. Although static electricity is ever present people rarely notice it.

Why [...]]]> Tweet

As winter comes to a close, your jacket may give you an electrostatic shock. You may get one from touching a metallic doorknob after crossing a carpeted room or from shaking someone’s hand. Although static electricity is ever present people rarely notice it.

What causes electrostatic discharge?

Why is everyone shocked at some point? ESDs (electrostatic discharges) happen because of a buildup in static charge caused by friction. When certain surfaces move against each other, electrons rub off one surface and accumulate on the other, causing a difference in potential electrostatic energy to build up between the two.

The accumulated voltage may reach a point where it is powerful enough to jump very quickly to another surface holding a different level of static charge. This jump or discharge causes the feeling of pain when your skin is one of the surfaces.

These electric shocks can be very unpleasant but are usually harmless. But if this happens to electronic components or devices, harm can occur.

As smaller electronic devices such as NEMS (nano electromechanical systems) and MEMS (micro electromechanical systems) take off, it becomes increasingly important to understand and control electrostatic phenomena. Because of their size, these tiny electronic components can become permanently damaged even by very low electrostatic discharges.

Electrostatic discharge, new and old

Static electricity has been a serious industrial problem for centuries. As early as the 1400s, European and Caribbean forts were using static control procedures and devices to prevent electrostatic discharge ignition of black powder stores. By the 1860s, paper mills in the USA (United States of America) employed basic grounding, flame ionization techniques, and steam drums to dissipate static electricity from the paper web as it went through the drying process.

Today, as devices have become faster and smaller, their sensitivity to ESD has increased. Because electrical and electronic products contain many components, manufacturers want to be assured that the electronic components used in their products are of the required quality.

Protection from ESD by IEC…

This is why it is essential for industry to put in place protection programmes against ESD. IEC is the world reference for ESD standards. This is where the IEC, through its standardization and CA (Conformity Assessment) activities, plays a major role. IEC 61340-5-1, Electrostatics – Protection of electronic devices from electrostatic phenomena – General requirements, is the most recent International Standard on developing ESD control programmes.

…and IECQ

IECQ, the IEC Quality Assessment System for Electronic Components, offers assessment and Process Approval Certification as a means of providing independent verification of compliance to IEC 61340-5-1 for facilities handling unprotected ESD sensitive devices.

As semiconductor devices continue to become more sensitive to ESDs it is important that companies handling these devices develop, implement and maintain effective ESD control programmes in their facilities.

The IECQ ESD Approved Process Certification Scheme is also designed to work with a company’s existing quality management system. Companies with electrostatic discharge requirements may instill confidence; however, experience has shown that an approach on the management and control of ESD is necessary.

About IECQ

IECQ is a worldwide approval and certification system that covers the supply, assembly, associated materials and processes of a large variety of electronic components that are used in millions of devices and systems.

IECQ operates five certification schemes: HSPM (Hazardous Substances Process Management), ECMP (Electronic Component Management Plan), AP (Approved Process), AC (Approved Component), and ITL (Independent Testing Laboratory).

The IECQ Certification System provides manufacturers with independent verification that IEC International Standards and other specifications were met by suppliers who hold certification.

Read more in our e-tech.

IECEx, the IEC System for Certification to Standards relating to Equipment for Use in Explosive Atmospheres, has launched the first mobile application to show international certificates for equipment used in explosive atmospheres.

Lightning is a huge natural electrostatic discharge between electrically charged areas within a single cloud, from one cloud to another or between a cloud and the earth. The discharge is accompanied by a flash [...]]]> Tweet

Specific IECEE EMC programme ensures safety and reliability of electrical and electronic devices

Lightning is a huge natural electrostatic discharge between electrically charged areas within a single cloud, from one cloud to another or between a cloud and the earth. The discharge is accompanied by a flash or strike, can result in serious injuries or fatalities when people are exposed to it, and can cause serious damage to equipment, installations and buildings when it hits the ground.

Keeping safe in a thunderstorm

We have all learned from an early age what we have to do in a thunderstorm. When outdoors, keep away from trees, tall objects, metal and water; try to find shelter in a building; spread out if in a group. When driving, stop at the side of the road or on a motorway’s hard shoulder, stay in the car and avoid touching metal. While indoors, stay away from windows, stop using phones and electrical equipment and unplug appliances and computers.

Electrical damage

Telephones, modems, computers and other electronic devices can be damaged by lightning, as harmful overcurrent can reach them through the phone jack, Ethernet cable, or electricity outlet. Close strikes can also generate EMPs (electromagnetic pulses). All electronic devices are highly susceptible to these electromagnetic effects.

As the market in electronic goods has increased rapidly and steadily over the past 30 years, so the need for protective measures against such effects has grown.

Lightning protection standardized

In 1979, the IEC established TC (Technical Committee) 81: Lightning protection, to prepare International Standards and guides for lightning protection for structures and buildings as well as for persons, installations, and contents in or on them.

TC 81 has provided other IEC TCs with guidance on the protective measures to be taken against electromagnetic effects produced by lightning.

EMC tested and certified by IECEE

As part of its CB (Certification Body) Scheme, IECEE (IEC System of Conformity Assessment Schemes for Electrotechnical Equipment and Components), has put in place the mechanisms to ensure, through assessment, testing and surveillance, that products conform to the specified requirements of the appropriate EMC standards. The service provides testing and certification in compliance with IEC International Standards prepared, among others, by IEC TC 77: Electromagnetic compatibility, and CISPR: International special committee on radio interference.

The main features of the IECEE EMC compliance services as provide by the CB Scheme and the CB FCS include, as appropriate:

• Third-party testing and certification for products based on IEC International Standards
• Testing of products by internationally approved laboratories
• Regular surveillance of quality systems and products through factory inspection to ensure that quality products comply with the relevant IEC International Standards•

Using the IECEE EMC programme and obtaining IECEE  certificate of compliance offers multiple benefits for manufacturers. Among them are faster access to market, cost and time saving, a competitive advantage at the national, regional and international level, and ultimately customer confidence that the product purchased meets all safety and reliability requirements.

Read more in our e-tech.

Oceans offer an enormous source of renewable energy with the potential to satisfy an important percentage of the world’s demand for electricity. Marine energy however has not evolved at the same rate as other types of renewable energy. While research [...]]]> Tweet

IEC working on new conformity assessment structure

Oceans offer an enormous source of renewable energy with the potential to satisfy an important percentage of the world’s demand for electricity. Marine energy however has not evolved at the same rate as other types of renewable energy. While research in this field has been ongoing for more than 30 years, the technologies used to harness the energy from waves and from tidal and water currents are still in development. Driven by the necessity to look for alternative options to increase the amount of energy produced, some countries have started to invest in projects that convert ocean power into electric power.

Reducing production costs through efficient design and reasonably-priced quality materials and components is crucial to improving the overall economic viability and acceptability of wave energy converters as well as of tidal and water current energy converters. This is where standards, IEC International Standards in particular, can play a major role.

First IEC International Standards issued

More than 10 years ago, the IEC identified the need to address the standardization of marine energy and in 2007 established IEC TC (Technical Committee) 114 to prepare International Standards for marine energy conversion systems. The primary focus of the TC is on the conversion of wave, tidal and other water current energy into electrical energy, although other conversion methods, systems and products are included.

At the end of 2011, TC 114 issued its first publication, IEC/TS 62600-1, Marine energy – Wave, tidal and other water current converters – Part 1: Terminology,  which was followed in August 2012 by IEC 62600-100, Marine energy – Wave, tidal and other water current converters – Part 100: Electricity producing wave energy converters – Power performance assessment. The TC is currently working on several other International Standards addressing the design and performance of marine energy converters.

A CA solution for marine energy

Establishing a TC to develop standards was a first step for the IEC. The logical next step was to address the CA (Conformity Assessment) aspect. At the request of TC 114, in 2010, IEC CAB(Conformity Assessment Board) authorized the establishment of an ad hoc WG (Working Group) to explore the CA needs of this sector.

Since then, the ad hoc WG has been transformed into WG 15 to develop possible CA solutions. The group has met on several occasions and produced a “Blueprint”, endorsed by CAB, as the basis for CA in the marine energy industry.

The fifth meeting of WG 15 took place in Singapore on 29-30 January 2013. Its main objectives were to reach an agreement on the proposed structure for the new CA System. Also on the agenda was consideration of a pathway leading to the operation of a common approach to certification for the industry, and a draft set of rules that would enable the establishment of a new CA System was included.

Outlining a structure

During various WG 15 meetings, members received presentations and information on the current CA Systems and their Schemes, namely IECEE (IEC System of Conformity Assessment Schemes for Electrotechnical Equipment and Components), IECEx (IEC System for Certification to Standards Relating to Equipment for Use in Explosive Atmospheres) and IECQ (IEC Quality Assessment System for Electronic Components). While the IECEx System and Schemes provided a likely model, the unique aspects of the marine energy industry required more of a “Systems Approach” to cover stages from design concept to prototype, in addition to production of equipment and components, transportation, installation and commissioning. WG 15 Convenor Chris Agius, who is also the IECEx Executive Secretary, along with Co-Convenor Melanie Nadeau, from Emera, both agreed on the unique CA aspects of the marine energy industry.

In the discussions that ensued, several options were reviewed, including a proposal for a RE (Renewable Energy) System within which different RE sectors will be able to operate schemes. Contact with CAB WT CAC (Wind Turbine Conformity Assessment Committee), the group that is working on a CA solution for the wind energy sector, will be sought to allow for an exchange of views on this issue.

Next steps

CAB will consider a report from WG 15, along with that from the CAB WT CAC, at its CAB June 2013 meeting – the WT CAC meeting is scheduled to take place in early April in Kyoto, Japan.

Audiovisual and information and communication technology equipment can be found in virtually all homes and working environments. The widespread existence of such electrically powered devices means they have to be safe to install, [...]]]> Tweet

IEC TC work ensures audiovisual, IT and communication equipment is safe to use for all

Audiovisual and information and communication technology equipment can be found in virtually all homes and working environments. The widespread existence of such electrically powered devices means they have to be safe to install, operate and maintain for users and technicians alike. IEC TC (Technical Committee) 108: Safety of electronic equipment within the field of audio/video, information technology and communication technology, prepares International Standards to ensure this is the case

For entertainment and work

Households use more and more electronic goods. Smartphones and tablet computers are expected to push worldwide consumer electronics spending over 1  000 billion dollars in 2013, according to data released at the 2013 CES (Consumer Electronics Show) in Las Vegas.

Computers, first introduced in the work environment decades ago, are also omnipresent in homes in many countries.

Preparing safety standards for devices and systems used by billions of people and the need to merge the activities of two separate IEC TCs that covered, respectively, data processing equipment and office machines, and electronic equipment for household and similar use, led to the creation of IEC TC 108 in 2001.

Worldwide use

AV (audiovisual) and ICT (information and communication technology) equipment is manufactured and traded across the world. Global acceptance of safety standards is essential to guarantee the production, trade and use of such equipment worldwide.
TC 108 prepares International Standards that form the basis for many national and regional standards around the world and, as a minimum, are used and referenced by most world’s countries. The IEC 60065 and IEC 60950 series that cover safety requirements for, respectively, AV and ICT equipment are among the most widely used of all IEC standards.

TC 108 also developed IEC 62368-1, Audio/video, and information and communication technology equipment – Part 1: Safety requirements, with a view to simplifying the problems created by the merging of AV and ICT technologies. TC108 recommended that the first edition of this new International Standard, destined eventually to replace IEC 60065 and IEC 60950, be “considered as an alternative to these at least over the recommended transition period”.

Global expertise, extensive scope

Reflecting the global nature of the AV and ICT industries, 111 experts from 27 participating countries and 14 observer countries take part in TC 108 work.

To develop and update International Standards TC 108 also has 2 WGs (Working Groups) and 2 MTs (Maintenance Teams).

WG 5 is in charge of maintenance and proposals for IEC 60990, Methods of measurement of touch current and protective conductor current.

WG HBSDT (hazard-based standard development team) works on IEC 62368-1 andIEC/TR 62368-2 . Its task is to develop a new safety publication covering requirements for equipment within the described scope. IEC 62368-1 is meant to replace eventually IEC 60065 and IEC 60950.

MT 1 leads the maintenance of IEC 60065, Audio, video and similar electronic apparatus – Safety requirements, and IEC/TS 62441, Safeguards against accidentally caused candle flame ignition for audio/video, communication and information technology equipment.

MT 2 deals with the maintenance of 4 International Standards from the IEC 60950, Information technology equipment – Safety, series as well as maintenance of another International Standard, a TR and a TS related to safety aspects of equipment connected to a telecommunication network and to ICT networks.

Collaborative work and medium term objectives

As AV and ICT equipment contain many components, such as cables, circuit-breakers, connecting devices, transformers, fuses and semiconductors, to name only a few, TC 108 is a customer of IEC TCs and SCs preparing International Standards for all these and others (so-called component committees).

TC 108 objectives for the next 3-5 years have been set as:

• continuing to develop and maintain standards necessary for manufacturers and the safety of users, for national authorities responsible for such equipment safety and for bodies responsible for certifying such equipment. Monitoring market trends and developing the necessary requirements.
• finalizing the transfer of all non-safety related standards activities to TC 100: Audio, video and multimedia systems and equipment
• engaging with IEC component committees identified under the IEC systems approach aspect to ensure that component standard safety requirements are compatible with the safety requirements in the standards maintained by TC 108.

Wide scope, fast-evolving industry

The very extensive range of equipment relying on IEC TC 108 work for safe operation and the fast moving nature of AV and ICT technologies mean that experts from this TC are set to have a very busy agenda for the foreseeable future. Their work will continue to underpin the development of new AV and ICT products safe to operate and maintain for hundreds of millions of users and technicians.

Read more in our e-tech.